The fatty acid synthesis pathway diagram illustrates the steps of fatty acid synthesis. The starting point is acetyl-CoA, which is derived from the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA is then combined with carbon dioxide to form acetate, which is converted into malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA is then combined with a carbon skeleton to form a fatty acid.
The fatty acid synthesis pathway is a series of biochemical reactions that produce long-chain fatty acids from short-chain fatty acids. These reactions take place in the cytoplasm of cells. The first step in the fatty acid synthesis pathway is the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA. Malonyl CoA then enters the Fatty Acid Synthesis Repair Pathway, which repairs damaged fatty acids and generates new ones.
The process of fatty acid synthesis begins with the absorption of carbon dioxide and water into the plant cell. The citric acid cycle then takes place, creating carbon dioxide and water. Oxidative phosphorylation then occurs, which produces ATP. In the end, the fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl CoA and a group of precursors called enoyl CoA hydrates.
Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway Diagram
Hey everyone, in this lesson we’re talking about fatty acid synthesis. We’re going to get into where fatty acid synthesis occurs in the body, what is required, how it actually happens, and then we’re going to get into what regulates fatty acid synthesis. So to begin, what is a fatty acid? While fatty acid, as you can see see here is a chemical structure of a fatty acid. A fatty acid contains a carboxylic acid chemical group as well as a chain of hydrocarbons.
Now, because of this, it’s considered amPhilip, which means that a fatty acid has properties of both being hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Now, the hydrocarbon chain is the hydrophobic portion of the fatty acid, and with increasing length of a hydrocarbon chain, it becomes more hydrophobic. So at some point when the chain is so long, we just consider the fatty acids completely hydrophobic synthesis of fatty acids requires a few different things. One is that it requires high levels of acidic away in the cytoplasm and that we’ll get into why that’s important in a bit. It also requires high levels of NADPH, which is normally derived from the pentoslastate pathway.
Fatty acid synthesis occurs in cytosol as opposed to beta oxidation or fatty acid metabolism, which occurs in the mitochondria. Now, fatty acids can be used for a variety of different purposes. When fatty acids are used as energy storage molecules, they’re actually stored as tricyglycerols or triglycerides, which are just three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. And triglycerides are typically stored in the anabolous tissue. Fatty acids and triglycerides are anhydrous, which means that they can store a higher amount of energy per mass.
Unlike glycogen, fat acid synthesis occurs in two primary locations in the body, one in the liver, the other in adipose tissue. Now, as I mentioned before, this all is occurring in the cytosol. And because of that, we require acidlcoa in the cytosol and acetylCoA is typically in the mitochondria. It cannot leave the mitochondrial matrix, which means that it has to be brought out in a different form. And that form is citrate.
Regulation of fatty acid synthesis
Citrate is actually transported out of the mitochondria and it can be acted on by the enzyme ATP citrate Lionesse, releasing an oxalo acidate and forming acidic away. This is how we get our cytosolic supply of acidic away. Now, along with acidic away, we require a vitamin B seven derivative carboxy biotin. Now, these two will actually undergo an enzymatic reaction with the enzyme acidicoa carboxylase. Now, the purpose of the carboxy biotin is actually to donate a carboxyl group to the acetylCoA.
This reaction requires one ATP, and it forms Malano Cola. In the process, carboxy biotin is actually recycled into biotin and biotin can actually be recycled back into carboxy biotin for later reactions in the acetyl koi carboxylate step to form melanochot is actually the committed step of fatty acid synthesis, and it is also the rate limiting step of fat acid synthesis. So it is a very important step. And because it is very important, it is highly regulated. Acc is actually inhibited by Gun, inhibited by epinephrine, Palmitol, Koa and also by AMPK through phosphorylation.
Now, acidicoid carboxylase is activated by a few different things as well. One of those is insulin. Insulin actually activates acidicoid carboxylase. Citrate also activates acidicoa carboxylase, which makes sense. Citrate in the cytosol would represent precursor of Acido Quay and also signals to the cell that energy supplies high in the cell, so it can be stored into fat.
And another regulator or another up regulator of acidicoa carboxylase is carbohydrate response element binding protein, or Chris, is actually a transcription factor that actually up regulates this enzyme. And this transcription factor is itself upregulated by a couple of things. One is that it’s up regulated by high carbohydrate or caloric intake, but it is actually negatively inhibited by fasting. So there is a nutrient regulation on this transcription factor which will actually regulate acidicoa carboxylase. Now, once we have Malano Koa is actually a potent negative regulator of fatty acid metabolism and it does this by inhibiting CPT.
One, we’ll get into that in the fatty acid catabolism lesson. So just remember that Malano Koi is a potent negative regulator of fatty acid catabolism. Now, once we have Malano Koi, Malano Koi can actually be recycled itself by the enzyme Malanokoid decarboxlase into acidicoid and carbon dioxide. So Melanochoid decarboxates can actually take melanochoi and recycle the melanochot back to acidic coin and carbon dioxide. Fatty acid synthesis occurs on a giant protein complex known as fatty acid synthase.
Fatty acid biosynthesis Lecture Notes
Now, fatty acid synthase is about 250 to 270 kilo Daltons in weight, so it is very large. Now, it actually is composed of several different moieties. One is an acid carrier protein or ACP, which itself has a vitamin B five derived component we call fossil pantheon. Now, another important binding point on this protein complex of fatty acid synthase is through cysteine residue and we’ll get into how that occurs as well. So once we have acidic away and Malino Koa from an acidicoa carboxylase action, we can go through one cycle of the fatty acid synthesize protein complex.
And now I’ll show you how that happens. So the first thing that will happen is acidic away will actually bind to a sulf Hydro group on the phosopantythene moiety on the ACIL carrier protein of the fatty acid synthesis protein complex. Now, in doing so, it has removed the coenzyme A from the acidicoa and after it’s bound to phosopantythene, it’ll actually shift the acidal group to the other sulfhydrol group on fatty acid synthesis.
Now, once it’s done that Malino Koa will actually bind itself to that sulf Hydro group on the phosphopathythene muiti on the fatty acidytheize. So once these two have been bound to the fatty acid synthase protein complex, what will happen is that the acidal group from the acidl Koa will actually undergo an enzymatic reaction and will actually take two carbons from the melancholy COA to form butyl COA, and in doing so, it’ll release the leftover carbon from the Malano COI as a carbon dioxide.
So what you have to remember is that the synthesis of a fatty acid chain starts with an acidicoa, and the Malano Koi acts as a two carbon donor. It donates two carbons to the acidic away, and the third carbon from melanocoa is released as a carbon dioxide in the formation of butyl COA. So once we have butyl COA, it is a four carbon molecule. And all reactions in extending the fatty acid chain occur on the fatty acid synthase protein complex. So the next step is the same as this step before it actually takes another Malinois, which is again used as a two carbon donor and will actually get added.
The two carbons will be added from the Malinois Corey to the bulk Koi in a condensation reaction. So I have an R group here. This is just the extending of the carbon chain. We have a ketone chemical group added to this growing carbon chain. Then it undergoes a reduction reaction using NADPH.
Fatty acid biosynthesis Lecture Notes
That’s why we need NADPH in fatty acid synthesis. It reduces the ketone to a hydroxyl group. Then we undergo a dehydration reaction. We actually remove that hydroxyl group, and then we go through another reduction reaction with another NADPH to form our six carbon molecule now. So we’ve gone from butyro Koa, which is a formal carbon molecule.
We take two carbons from Malino Koi and we end up after one cycle of the Cyto acid synthase enzyme. We get another molecule, but now it has six carbons, and this just keeps going. So we go through another cycle. We use another Malino COA as a two carbon donor, go through condensation reaction, go through another reduction reaction, dehydration reaction, reduction reaction, all again, and extending the silver chain by two carbons each cycle. When does it stop?
FAQs
Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway Diagram?
What is the fatty acid synthesis pathway diagram?
What is the difference between a fatty acid and a fatty acid ester?
What is the difference between an omega-3 fatty acid and an omega-6 fatty acid
What is the function of the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?
The enzyme delta-5-desaturase catalyzes the conversion of linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid
Conclusion
the fatty acid synthesis pathway diagram is a valuable tool for studying lipid metabolism and fatty acid synthesis. It can help researchers better understand how different enzymes and pathways interact to produce specific fatty acids. Researchers should keep in mind that this pathway is not static, but dynamic, as different conditions (e.g. diet, exercise) may affect the way particular enzymes are used. Additionally, this pathway is not the only way to produce fatty acids; other pathways exist as well.
